1998

■     ПОГОДНІ ЗМІНИ:
1997-1998
В 1997-1998 в тропічних широтах вирували урагани і шторми, викликані переміщенням нагрітих поверхневих мас океанічної води. Спеціалісти припускали, що це спричинене зміною напрямків потоків рідкої матерії всередині земної кулі, під твердою корою. 1998 була зафіксована найвища з досі зареєстрованих середня температура земної поверхні - повідомляє журнал Science.

■     CROP FAILURE:
Springfield, Ill. Jan. 5,1998
Illinois agriculture officials say unusually mild weather with soaking rains may send the wrong message on winter wheat dormancy.

■   SATELITE FAILURE: "Satellite's death puts millions out of touch"
USA Today for May 21,1998
On Tuesday, May 19,1998, at 6 p.m., the satellite Galaxy IV suffered a failure in its onboard control system. The backup switch also failed, and the $250 million satellite rotated out of position, completely disrupting communications here on Earth. USA Today called the incident "the biggest telecommunications failure in recent years," adding that the breakdown "wiped out pager traffic, halted credit card transactions and knocked TV and radio stations off the air."

■    УРЯД: 1997 XF11 не призведе до кінця світу!
Березень 1998
Нововиявлений астероїд півторакілометрового діаметру зіткнеться з Землею 26 жовтня 2028 року. Цей астероїд (1997 XF11) був відкритий б грудня 1997 року астрономом Джимом Скопі з групи Spacewatch при Арізонському Університеті. Науковці з Гарвардського Смітського астрофізичного центру розрахували, що орбіта астероїда проляже за 50000 км від Землі, що виключає ймовірність промаху. Та через кілька днів всі дані ще раз перевірили і уточнили і вивели нове число - 960000 км. Ця відстань досить безпечна, але ніхто не гарантує, що астероїд не змінить своєї орбіти. Тому для надійності американці вирішили "підправити" його траєкторію. "Ми надішлемо космічний корабель з ядерним зарядом, - каже Дон Йоманс, спеціаліст JPL (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) - Ми зробимо один або декілька вибухів на поверхні астероїду, що гальмуватиме його рух, щоб в 2028 році він не влучив в Землю". Цей сміливий задум цілком реальний. Зрештою, ще є час, щоб добре підготуватися.

■    WEATHER CHANGES:
Washington Post, July 2,1998
In 1984, the number of storms with hail at least three-quarters of an inch in size was 2,749 at the National Weather Service. In 1996, there were 9,636 reports. From 1991 to 1996, the number of severe thunderstorms reported grew from 6,504 to 9,175.

■    ПОВЕНІ: Закарпатська катастрофа.
Листопад 1998
Повінь, яка спіткала Закарпатську область в листопаді 1998 року, за руйнівними наслідками ставлять на друге місце після Чорнобильської катастрофи.

■    УРЯД: Сорокаметровнй астероїд може впасти на Землю.
1998
Астероїд 1998 DK 36, діаметром 40 метрів може зіткнутися з Землею. Та вчені заспокоюють - наслідки будуть не більшими ніж від падіння Тунгуського метеориту.

■   МЕТЕОРИТИ: Ідуть дощі. Метеоритні
1998
До 20 листопада мешканці України зможуть спостерігати в сузір'ї Лева метеоритний дощ. Співробітник астрономічної обсерваторії ЛНУ Франка Б. Новосядлий запевняє, що ніякої загрози для Землі це явище не несе. Натомість постраждати можуть штучні супутники, дня яких зустріч з космічними об'єктами, які рухаються на величезній швидкості, може мати фатальні наслідки.

■    ПОГОДНІ ЗМІНИ: Акація і вишня зацвіли вдруге.
1998
В цю серпневу пору в Дунаєвецькому, Кам'янець-Подільському, Старосинявському районах зацвіла біла акація. Причому місцями рясніше, ніж в той час, коли їй належало за календарем. А в Хмельницьку і навколо нього цвітуть вишні! Чогось такого навіть місцеві старожили не пригадують.

■      BOOMS: 
May 1998
Thousands of homes were rattled by two huge, mysterious booms 30 miles southeast of Los Angeles just before 10 p.m. in May of 1998. Residents described the sounds as explosions, earthquake noises, and thuds. The two booms occurred about five minutes apart.

■      BOOMS: 
July 30, 1998
Two very loud skyquakes startled hundreds of people on the beaches of Ocean City, Md. on July 30,1998. No planes were in sight, and the sounds seemed to be coming from some miles offshore.

■      BOOMS: 
August 1,1998
A mysterious boom reverberated through Narragansett Bay, R.I. on August 1,1998 at 9:30 p.m. Investigating officials could not find the source of the noise.

■    УРАГАНИ: 
1998
Старожили села Озера на Рівненщині такого дива не бачили відколи себе пам'ятають. Серед дня раптово потемніло, в небі заблискало, загуло, неначе хтось безперестанку стріляв з гармат. Потім посипав град завбільшки з горіх. За кілька хвилин подвір'я і городи вкрилися 10-15 сантиметровою білою ковдрою. В багатьох господарствах розлетілися шибки вікон, обсипалася кора з фруктових дерев, майже повністю знищено насадження картоплі, капусти, огірків, буряків, загинули курчата і гусенята, які гуляли на подвір'ї.

■   ПОГОДНІ ЗМІНИ:
1998
Ель Ніньйо приніс безперервні двомісячні зливи, а згодом посуху в Південній Америці і руйнівні торнадо на південному узбережжі США.

■   ПОГОДНІ ЗМІНИ:  Потоп!
1998
Безперервні дощі (за першу половину літа в Західній Україні випала подвійна норма опадів) та спричинені ними руйнівні повені викликали в людей закономірне запитання: що ж коїться з нашою погодою? Адже навіть старожили не пригадують, щоб літо було настільки мокрим і безсонячним. Заступник начальника Львівського гідрометцентру каже, що часті зливи, що прокотилися Західною Україною не треба вважати чимось надзвичайним. Людям властиво забувати: такі ж сильні дощі були в 1974 і 1980 роках, та й раніше теж. Природі притаманна циклічнімть, отже всі стихійні лиха рано чи пізно повторюються. Звичайно ж, теплі зими з опадами кілька років поспіль, мокре літо перезволожили землю і підвищили рівень ґрунтових вод. Ті ж у свою чергу вийшли назовні непримітними рівчачками, струмочками, балками, схилами. Тому цьогорічні повені видалися такими великомаштабними і від них потерпіли навіть райони, де не протікають великі річки. Як вважають в Львівгідрометцентрі, з 1996 західний регіон ввійшов в багатоводний період, тому ще років зо два безперестанні опади і надалі спричинятимуть повені. Таке зволоження клімату в Україні в маштабах планети - нормальне явище. За останні 20 років клімат Землі зазнав суттєвих змін. Річ у тім, що на відміну від початку століття, великомаштабна циркуляція атмосферних мас північної півкулі набрала сили. Але глобальне потепління в найближчі століття не призведе до надзвичайних кліматичних змін: Північний і Південний полюси не перетворяться знову на зелені острови, а Екватор на зону вічної мерзлоти. Будь-які зміни в природі відбуваються дуже повільно, сотні тисяч років.

    Reuters reported on January 8, 1998 that the blackout in Quebec caused by a massive ice-storm forced Hydro-Quebec to summon help from utilities outside the province for the first time in its history, as more than 1/3 of the 7.3 million residents lost power.

    The Associated Press reported on January 18, 1998 that Meteorologists have recorded rainfalls at 500 percent above normal in Kenya.

    CNN reported on January 29, 1998 that President Alberto Fujimori stated the flooding in Peru is far worse than the El Nino-induced floods of 1983, the previous record breaker.

    Reuters reported on February 13, that the Meteorological Office reported the highest February temperature recorded in Britain during this century.

    The Associated Press reported on February 20, 1998 that San Francisco also broke a 120-year-old record for the most rain in February as El Nino dumped rain, washing houses down soaked hillsides and flooding highways.

    The Associated Press reported on March 7th that hail a half-foot in diameter fell during continuous lightning and thunder in Louisiana.

    Reuters reported on March 9 that The first two months of 1998 were the warmest and wettest on record for the lower 48 U.S. states, based on 104 years of weather data, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration said Monday. The national average temperature during the January-February period was 37.5 degrees Fahrenheit, compared with a normal 32.1 degrees. Precipitation averaged 6.01 inches during the period, almost two inches above normal.

    Reuters reported on March 13th that intense fires in the Amazon never before seen, per Roraima Governor Neudo Campos, have raged out of control, following one of the most prolonged droughts ever in Brazil's northernmost territory.

    Associated Press reported on March 30th that the620-mile trip along the Pan American Highway from Lima to Tumbes near the Ecuadorean border now takes 4 days, compared to the day and a half it formerly took, due to floods and landslides in more than 30 places due to El Nino.

    On April 22, 1998, MSNBC reported that the U.S. Ice Data Center and the British Antarctic Survey have predicted that the entire Larsen B Ice Shelf, which covers more than 4,000 square miles, is nearing its limit of stability. A 75 square mile piece of Antartica's ice shelf recently broke off.

    On May 27, Associated Press reported that a jumbo jet struck clear air turbulance south of New Guinea, tossing passengers out of their seats. This was similar to another incident in December where a United jet struck clear air turbulance enroute to Hawaii, killing a passenger. The pilots reported absolutely no warning.

    Reuters reported on June 7 a level 5 tornado (the worst possible) tore through Mechanicsville, NY, reminiscent of the movie Twister.

    Vice President Al Gore stated that the first five months of 1998 have been the warmest on record, per MSNBC on June 8, 1998. The New York Times stated that the temperature jump was “rather spectacular” and “to see every month breaking the record is rather significant.” For the five months as a whole, the average global surface temperature was 1.76 degrees above a benchmark average of 61.7 degrees set between the years 1961 and 1990.

    Florida was ravaged by record wildfires consuming over a million acres across the state. The Washington Post reported on July 3 that a 125 mile stretch of interstate highway 95 was closed, the flames leaping over highways. 4,500 fire fighters from 38 states arrived to help fight the blaze.

    CNN reported on June 29 that the 1997-1998 El Nino had been the strongest ever recorded.

    A front page article in the July 1st Washington Post reported that a record number of 1,008 tornados had occurred during 1998.

    Reuters reported on July 8 that the first six months of 1998 were the warmest first half of a year globally since records began, per Dr. Phil Jones of the University of East Anglia's Climatic Research Unit in Britain. The warmest full year so far was in 1997, when temperatures were 0.43 degree Celsius higher than the long-run average. By comparison, the global average temperature in 1877/78, when there was a powerful El Nino, was 0.5 degree below today's average.

    Reuters reported on July 9 that a more intense La Nina is developing, more quickly, than ever before, per Dr. Lars Olsson, acting director of WMO's World Climate Program.

    On July 13 the Associated Press reported that the spring quarter was the worst on record for property damage claims, per the Property Claims Services unit of Insurance Services Office.

    New Millennium reported on July 17 that record triple-digit temperatures occurred across the south and west in the US. The Salt River Project utility in Arizona reported breaking records for almost a week. Temperatures at Winslow, elevation 4,850, was 105, breaking the previous record of 102.

    Reuters reported on July 21 that Fidel Castro announced to Cuba's National Assembly that the current drought was the worst in the century, possibly the worst in previous centuries.

    CNN reported on July 22 that water levels on the Yangtzerose to 1.25 meters above danger levels in the Wuhan Province, with the heaviest deluge since records began.

    On July 23, the Sabinov district of eastern Slovakia experienced flash floods that caused local streams to rise about 6 1/2 yards in a matter of hours, per the Associated Press.


    On August 1, the Associated Press reported that the Chiri Mountains in South Korea received more than 5 1/2 inches of rain in an hour.

    The Washington Post reported on August 9 that July was the hottest month the world has seen since reliable record-keeping began more than a century ago, per a newly completed analysis by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association.

    Reuters reported on August 10, 1998 that a massive crest of water swept through Hubei toward the provincial capital of Wuhan in China. The Xinhua news agency said the crest had pushed water levels at Honghu up to 113.6 feet (34.63 meters), far past the previous record of 102.3 feet (31.17 meters) set in 1954. "These are the worst floods this river has ever had," said an official in Qiqihaer city, referring to the Nen river near the border with Mongolia.

    The Associated Press reported on September 4, 1998 that the Sudanese radio issued a flood alert Friday for citizens living along the Nile, saying the upper reaches of the river had risen to unprecedented levels, saying, "Water volumes in the upper parts of the river branches, particularly the Blue Nile, have reached levels that exceeded all previously recorded levels."

    The Associated Press reported on September 5, 1998 that Manama, Bahrain experienced its hottest summer month this century, with mean August highs of 106 F. The previous mean high record was 103 set in August 1962 and August 1996.

    The Times Foreign News reported on September 10, 1998 that Bangladesh battled yesterday to save Dhaka, the capital, from being submerged by floodwaters after two months of unremitting rain - the longest natural disaster in a country ceaselessly battered by calamities. Two-thirds of the nation is under water.

    On September 15, 1998, Reuters reported that 849 corpses had been washed away in a sea of mud from floods in Mexico in the deadliest natural disaster to date, worse than previous hurricane and earthquake deaths. In Motozintla up to two feet of rain was received in just a few days.

    On September 23, 1998, USA Today reported that a record number of 55 tornadoes had touched down in Minnesota. The old record was 47 in '93 and '97, per the National Weather Service.

    The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration reported that September was the hottest September on record, per the Associated Press on October 14, 1998. The average worldwide temperature for the month was 59.98 degrees Fahrenheit, 1.08 degree above the 1880-1997 global average of 58.9 degrees.

    On October 12, 1998, the Associated Press reported that forest fires in Israel were the largest series of fires in the country's history.

    Brasilia, Brazil, received rain three times heavier than usual, per the Associated Press on October 14, 1998.

    By October 15, 1998, typhoons had gone through the alphabet, with typhoon Zeb, starting over with typhoon Alex.

    Hurricane Mitch in October, 1998 reportedly dropped two meters of rain in some areas, swelling every river in Honduras and northwestern Nicaragua to ten times their normal size and washing out the bridges.

    The previous record breaking El Nino is going to continue, per CNN on October 27, 1998, continuing to battle with La Nina for dominance in the tropical Pacific Oceans.

    Associated Press reported on October 28, 1998 that Berlin has received more rain in 24 hours than is normal for the entire month of October.

    British Experts say 1998 is the warmest year on record so far, per Reuters on October 28, 1998, with the first six months of 1998 the warmest first half of a year globally since records began. The global average temperature in 1877/78, when there was a powerful El Nino, was 0.5 degree below today's average.

    The Associated Press reported on November 7, 1998 that record floods and landslides in the Ukraine caused Emergency Situations Minister Valery Kalchenko to state "There has never been such a disaster in Ukraine before."

    A new winter storm warning system patterned after hurricane and tornado alerts may become the nationwide standard, per the Associated Press on November 9, 1998. The system was devised by a National Weather Service meteorologist in Cheyenne, Wyoming.

    MSNBC reported on November 11, 1998 that gusts up to 95 mph, unprecedented gusts in some areas such as Wisconsin, accompanied a snowstorm across the midwest, toppling semi-trailers.

    1998 was the most destructive hurricane season on record, but worse might be on the way, per MSNBC on November 25, 1998. Colorado State University professor William Gray, a scientist who’s been issuing hurricane forecasts for 15 years, noted that more hurricanes were reported from 1995 to 1998 than in any other four-year period of hurricane activity this century.

    The Associated Press reported on November 27, 1998 that violent weather cost the world a record $89 billion during 1998, more money than was lost from weather-related disasters in all of the 1980s, per the Worldwatch Institute and Munich Re, the world's largest reinsurer.

    The Associated Press stated on November 29, 1998 that the last four years have been the most active ever for hurricanes in the Atlantic basin. With the gradual fading of the latest cycle of the El Nino phenomenon, which tends to suppress Atlantic hurricanes, 1998 saw nine hurricanes and five tropical storms. In September, there were four hurricanes at once - Georges, Ivan, Jeanne, and Karl.

    The Arkansas Nashville News reported on December 3, 1998 that apple trees and tomatoes are still bearing fruit and vegetable gardens are still producing, a first in the memory of all. The Georgia Alpharetta News reported on December 7, 1998 that the spring blooming plant azaleas are blooming, along with dandelions and morning glories, confusing unseasonable warmth with spring.

    The journal Nature reported on December 9, 1998 that Dian J. Gaffen and NOAA colleague Rebecca J. Ross reported humidity on the increase during heat waves, boosting the temperature past the apparent temperature threshold. They cited a 67 % increase since 1949 in the number of days that exceeded the threshold for daily average apparent temperature, a 78 % increase in nighttime temperatures being above the threshold, and a 88 % increase in the number of heat waves where the threshold level was exceeded for at least three days.

    The New York Times reported on December 18, 1998 that the surface temperature during 1998 was the highest since measurements began in the mid 19th century, per the World Meteorological Organization, an agency of the United Nations. Seven of the 10 warmest years on record have occurred since 1990. New monthly high-temperature records were set in each of the 18 consecutive months ending in October 1998.

    The Associated Press reported that the 1998 Atlantic hurricane season was one of the deadliest on record, with 14 named storms - Alex, Bonnie, Charley, Daniel, Earl, Frances, Georges, Hermine, Ivan, Jeanne, Karl, Lisa, Mitch, and Nicole.

    On May 28, 1999 the Associated Press reported that the earth registered a record annual average temperature of 14.57 degrees Celsius (58.23 degrees Fahrenheit) in 1998, with a cost from storm damage up a staggering 53 percent to $92 billion for 1998, and 300 million people were driven from their homes by storms and flooding.

    Discovery News reported on June 25, 1999 that natural disasters in 1998 were the worst ever recorded, according to a report issued in Geneva on Thursday by the International Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. Hurricane Mitch was responsible for at least 10,000 fatalities in the Caribbean and Central America. El Nino caused numerous fires, droughts and floods, and claimed 21,000 lives.